Browsing by Title

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    A Comparative Investigation of K-means and Partition Around Medoid Methods of Clustering - a Case Study with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Data
    ( 2016-06-01) Almaghri ، Khaled ; Chakraborty , S
    Clustering methods are important tool in data mining. The main challenge of clustering is to select the suitable method to be used for a given data set and the estimation of the number of clusters in the data set, especially in case of the unsupervised data. In this paper, a comparison between two important partitioning clustering methods namely the K-means and the Partition Around Medoid (PAM) have been considered and a special index for each has been used to estimate number of clusters. Also different indices of internal validation and stability measures have been used to compare these two methods to evaluate their performance by using these indices. Internal validation and stability measures have been used to compare between K-means and PAM for B-cells and T-cells and it has been found that for B-cells the K-means performs better than PAM by Connectivity, Dunn, Silhouette, APN, ADM, FOM indexes and PAM perform better than K-means by AD index. For T-cells, PAM performs better than K-means by Connectivity index and K-means performs better than PAM by Dunn, Silhouette, APN, AD, ADM, FOM indices. Keywords: B-cells, T-cells, K-means, PAM, Calinski, Silhouette, Connectivity, Dunn, APN, AD, ADM, FOM. طرق التحلیل العنقودي مھمة جداً لفھم البیانات ، یعتبر أھم تحدي لاجراء التحلیل العنقودي ھو اختیار الطریقة المناسبة للتحلیل العنقودي وكذلك تقدیر عدد العناقید في البیانات خاصة في البیانات، الغیر مصنفة أصلاً وفي ھذا البحث قام الباحثان بالمقارنة بین أحد أھم الطرق لتقسیم البیانات وھما طریقة التحلیل العنقودي المجمعة حول الوسط وطریقة التحلیل العنقودي المجمعة حول الوسیط، وتم استخدام مؤشرات قیاسیة لكل طریقة للتنبؤ بعدد العناقید في كل طریقة وأیضأ تم استخدام عدة مؤشرات لقیاس التحقق الداخلي والثبات في كل طریقة لتقییم النتائج في كل منھما وكذلك لاختبار كفاءة كل مؤشر من المؤشرات. كما تم فحص الاستقرار الداخلي لكل طریقة ومن خلال ھذا الفحص تبین أن طریقة التحلیل العنقودي المجمعة حول الوسط كانت أكفأ باستخدام المعاییر بینما كانت طریقة التحلیل العنقودي المجمعة حول الوسیط أكفأ باستخدام معیار (Connectivity, Dunn, Silhouette, APN, ADM, FOM) (AD)، عند التطبیق على خلایا بي. بینما طریقة التحلیل العنقودي المجمعة حول الوسط كانت أكفأباستخدام المعاییر العنقودي التحلیل طریقة بینما (Dunn, Silhouette, APN, AD, ADM, FOM) المجمعة حول الوسیط كانت أكفأ باستخدام معیار(Connectivity) عند التطبیق على خلایا تي.
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    Analysis of Educational Values in English for Palestine Ninth Grade Textbook
    (University of palestine, 2017-09-30) Mohamed، Shaat
    The present study aimed at analyzing the educational values existing in ninth grade English textbook. The instruments of the study were two: (1) content analysis to analyze the educational values existing in ninth grade English textbook and (2) a questionnaire designed to find out teachers’ perspective on educational values existingin English for Palestine Ninth Grade Textbook. The questionnaire was distributed to a convenient sample of governmental ninth grade English language teachers which included (20) male and (17) female teachers. Results revealed that there are 14 main educational values in textbook. These educational values are: cooperation, environment preserving, home loving, respecting ancient heritage, greeting, defending homeland, respecting spiritual rituals, admiration of religious places, welcoming guests, generosity, visiting relatives, patience, honesty, and admiration of national foundations. The value of cooperation is the most frequent value in the content while honesty and admiration of national foundations are the least promoted within the textbook. هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى تحليل القيم التربوية المتضمنة في كتاب اللغة الانجليزية للصف التاسع في فلسطين، استخدم الباحث اداتين رئيسيتين هما: (1) الكلمة لتحليل المحتوى والاستدلال علي القيم التربوية المتضمنة في كتاب اللغة الانجليزية للصف التاسع و(2) استبانة للتعرف على وجهة نظر معلمي اللغة الإنجليزية في الصف التاسع حول القيم التربوية المتضمنة في هذا الكتاب، اشتملت عينة الدراسة علي 37 معلم لغة انجليزية (20 معلم و17 معلمة) والذين يمثلوا 8.7% من مجتمع الدراسة، وقام الباحث بقراءة تحليلية لجميع وحدات الكتاب، حيث كشفت النتائج أن هناك 14 قيمة تربوية رئيسية في هذا الكتاب وهي: التعاون والحفاظ على البيئة وحب الوطن واحترام التراث القديم والقاء التحية والدفاع عن الوطن واحترام الطقوس الدينية وتقدير الأماكن الدينية والترحيب بالضيوف والكرم وزيارة الأقارب والصبر والصدق وتقدير المؤسسات الوطنية، وكانت قيمة التعاون هي القيمة الأكثر تكرارا في المحتوى، بينما الصدق وتقدير المؤسسات الوطنية كانتالقيم الأقل تكرارا في كتاب اللغة الانجليزية للصف التاسع في فلسطين.
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    Assessment of Female University Students knowledge and practicing Breast Self Examination at Al Azhar University, Gaza Strip0
    ( 2020-06-01) Abo Al-Shiekh , Samira ; Ibrahim , Mohamed ; Etewa , Bothyna ; Alajerami , Yasser
    Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among females in developed and non- developed countries. Early detection of breast cancer improves the survival rate and decrease morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess female university students' knowledge and practice about Breast Self-Examination (BSE) at Al Azhar University, Gaza Strip. The study was designed as a cross- sectional study and involved students in the third and fourth levels of the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences. The study involved the distribution of an interviewed questionnaire containing questions about knowledge and practice BSE in the period of 17th of October 2019 to 30th of October 2019. One hundred and ninety-students participated in the assessment. The participated students study at the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences; 34% at the nutrition department, 41.8% at the medical laboratory department, 6.2% at the medical imaging department, and 18% at the nursing department. The majority of the students have heard about BSE (90.7%). Students know about BSE from multiple sources; university students (58.2%), social media (43.8%), health professionals (24.7). Despite the students' awareness about BSE, few of them practicing it regularly in that only 33.5% had ever practiced it in their life. The students recognized some barriers that hinder their regular practicing. The most determined barriers by the participants are do not have breast problem and does not know how to do that. A training program about BSE among university students is highly recommended in order to empower them for regular and correct practicing
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    Banking Financial Stability Measured by Credit Risk Measurements (Quantitative Technique): New Evidence from Palestinian Commercial Banking Sector.
    (University of palestine, 2021-11-21) ثابت، أحمد ; الجديلي، فراس
    Credit risk management is the vital part of the comprehensive management and in addition to part of the control system. Credit risk is entirely considered as the most important risk for banks and financial institutions in general due to it being related with every trade transaction and financial activities. Banks must fulfill the priorities and the international standards of financial stability and sustainability. The present study is an attempt to evaluate and measure the Palestinian banking sector performance. For this reason, credit risk management approach (basically a quantitative technique includes; Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Leverage, Liquidity and Earning) has been implemented. A total of 13 banks were selected for a nine-year period from 2011 till 2019). This approach found that all the selected banks are in unsatisfactory performance.
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    Beyond a Visual Tactile: A “Continuity of Memory” into the Present
    (University of palestine, 2022-11-01) أبو عرف، حازم ; وافي، سليمان
    This article has at its heart addressing the question of how contemporary architecture interlocks in its design concept the past and the present. Its analysis echoes in doing so Juhani Pallasmaa’ s perspective, which its theory calls for “the flesh of the world” centered on “continuum” of the cultural values into a contemporary architecture. Yet, how a “continuum” occurs lies in the “artistic work” arisen as a result of the intersection occurred between “the world” and the “oneself” as well as between the “external space” and the “one’s inner mental space”. This article uses three design cases to apply Juhani Pallasmaa’ s perspective. Albeit differences, the three case study analyses suggest that the vernacular aspects of architecture embrace a model for the rationale of the “artistic work”.
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    Camouflage and Character Manipulation in American Films New concepts in New Orientalism in Traitor Film
    (University of palestine, 2022-11-01) العكلوك، حنان
    Globally, Hollywood, being one of the major film producers, has been a major source of reference for the Arab and their cultures in the last century and will undoubtedly persist for years to come. The historic event of September 11, 2001 (henceforth 9/11) has intensified and further confounded Hollywood’s take on the Arabs and their culture; resulting in more traditional theories such as Orientalism and Colonialism failing to capture this dramatic ideological change especially for their failure to move beyond the confined of the theorization of negative stereotype. This is the problem identified for this research. Indeed, the gap identified from this is related to the lack of previous studies focusing on post 9/11 Hollywood films, especially written from an Arab perspective i.e. the researcher. تعتبر هوليوود أحد منتجي الأفلام الرئيسية فى العالم ، وتعتبر مصدرًا مرجعيًا رئيسيًا للعرب وثقافاتهم في القرن الماضي وستستمر بلا شك لسنوات قادمة. أدى الحدث التاريخي الذي وقع في 11 سبتمبر 2001 إلى تكثيف وإرباك نظرة هوليوود على العرب وثقافتهم ؛ مما أدى إلى المزيد من النظريات النمطية مثل الاستشراق والاستعمار و التي فشلت في استيعاب هذا التغيير الأيديولوجي الدراماتيكي خاصة لفشلها في تجاوز حصر نظريات الصورة النمطية السلبية. ان مشكلة الدراسه هى نقص الدراسات السابقة التي تركز على أفلام هوليوود ما بعد 11 سبتمبر ، وخاصة المكتوبة من منظور عربي. لذلك تبحث هذه الدراسة في فكرة التمويه والتلاعب بالشخصيات العربية والتى تركزعلى الأفلام الأمريكية من منظور الاستشراق الجديد .
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    Developing an Accountability Disclosure Index for Annual Reporting by Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs) in Gaza Strip
    ( 2020-02-01) Abu Al-Ajeen , Tareq ; El Esely , Mohamed ; Abo El Kheer , Modather
    This study aims to develop an information disclosure index forannual reporting byNPOs, particularly nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Gaza Strip, that can be served as a guide for improving their accountability.The disclosure index can assist the preparers of NGOs annual reporting in fulfilling the stakeholders’ requirements. It can also be used tomeasuretheextentofinformationdisclosuremandatoryandvoluntaryofNGOsintheir annual reports. The theory used in this study is the stakeholder theory. The stakeholder theory is based on the accountability relationship of NPOs to the stakeholders via the use of information disclosure. The accountability disclosure index (ADI) developed in this study comprising 118 disclosure items. It is developed primarily based on a comprehensivereviewofthepublicsector disclosureliteratureandareviewofregulatory requirementsofNGOsreportinginGazaStrip.Ithasamultidimensionalincharacterthat covers comprehensive elements of information such as the background information, financial and nonfinancial information, governance information, future information, performance and social and environmental information. Therefore, it provides a valuable instrumenttomeasuretheaccountabilityoftheinformationdisclosedintheannualreports of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The (ADI) is initiated through a three-step phases. The index has passed through the validity, reliability and pilot test. There are, however, several limitations to this study. However, these limitations present opportunities for future research. The disclosure index developed in this study used to measure quantity disclosure. It explores disclosure quantity by counting the number of itemsreportedinannualreportsbutdoesnotinvestigatequality.Furtherresearchmayuse quality disclosure, measure the extent of information disclosure, and examine the determinants of informationdisclosure. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تطوير مؤشر إفصاح عن المعلومات للتقارير السنوية للمنظمات غير الهادفة للربح، خاصة المنظمات غير الحكومية )المنظمات الاهلية(، في قطاع غزة. يمكن لهذا المؤشر أن يساعد الجهات التي تعد التقارير السنوية للمنظمات غير الحكومية في تلبية متطلبات أصحاب المصالح. كما يمكن استخدامه أيضًا لقياس مدى الافصاح عن المعلومات (المعلومات الالزامية والطوعية) لتلك المنظمات في تقاريرها السنوية. النظرية المستخدمة في هذه الدراسة هي نظرية أصحاب المصالح. تستند هذه النظريةإلى علاقة المساءلة بين المنظمات غير الحكومية وأصحاب المصالح من خلال عمليةالافصاح عن المعلومات.يضممؤشر الافصاح عن المساءلةADI)) في هذه الدراسة (118) بند.لقد تم تطوير هذا المؤشر بشكل أساسي بناءً على مراجعة شاملة للادبيات السابقة المتعلقة بالافصاح في القطاع العام وخاصة المنظمات غير الحكومية (المنظمات الاهلية) هذا بالاضافة الى مراجعة المتطلبات التنظيمية المنظمة لمهنة تلك المنظمات من خلال اللوائح والقوانين والتعليمات المطبقة في قطاع غزة. لهذا المؤشر طابع متعدد الأبعاد بحيث انه يغطي عناصر شاملة للمعلومات عن المنظمة مثل المعلومات الأساسية، المعلومات المالية وغير المالية، معلومات عن الحوكمة،المعلومات المستقبلية، المعلومات عن الأداء والمعلومات الاجتماعية والبيئية .لذلك، فإن هذا المقياس يوفرأداة قيمة لقياس مساءلة المعلومات التي تم الافصاح عنها في التقارير السنوية للمنظمات غير الحكومية (المنظمات الاهلية) في قطاع غزة. لقد تم تطويرهذا المؤشرمن خلال ثلاث مراحل. لهذه الدراسة بعض القيود مثل أي دراسة اخرى. ومع ذلك، فإن هذه القيود تقدم فرصًا للبحث في المستقبل. يستخدم مؤشر الافصاح عن المساءلة الذي تم تطويره في هذه الدراسة لقياس الإفصاح الكمي عن طريق حساب عدد العناصر المفصح عنها في التقارير السنوية بدون النظر لجودتها. من الدراسات المستقبلية المقترحة: تطوير مؤشر يستخدم لقياس جودة الافصاح، قياس مدى الافصاح عن المعلومات في التقارير السنوية، محددات الافصاح عن المعلومات.
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    Difficulties Facing English Language Teachers in UNRWA Schools in Implementing Active Learning Strategies in Gaza Governorate
    ( 2018-12-01) أبو ندى, مازن ; الصوراني, أحمد
    هدفت هذه الدراسة التعرف الى الصعوبات التي تواجه معلمي اللغة الإنجليزية في مدارس الانروا في تطبيق استراتيجيات التعلم النشط في محافظة غزة من وجهة نظرهم. من أجل تحقيق هذه الدراسة استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي، و قد صمم الباحثان استبياناً يتكون من مجالين و ثلاثون مؤشراً ، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من 140 معلماً و معلمة يعملون في الثلاث مناطق التعليمية في مدينة غزة .و خلصت نتائج الدراسة الى وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية عند استخدام استراتيجيات التعلم النشط مع الطلاب عند الاستماع الى الناطقين للغة الإنجليزية، وكذلك سيحصلون على مشاركة أكبر في الأنشطة المرتبطة بالمهارات الأربعة " القراءة ، الكتابة ، الاستماع و المحادثة " في تعليم اللغة الانجليزية وكذلك سنساعدهم في خلق بيئة تعاونية داعمة وسيكون الطلاب أكثر قدرة على المشاركة بفعالية في المحتوى من خلال استراتيجيات التعلم النشط. بينما بعض المعلمين يعتقد أن تطبيق هذه الاستراتيجيات لن يساعدهم في تغطية المحتوى الدراسي كما ان قلة المواد والأدوات تعتبر تحدٍ حقيقي يواجه المعلمين في تطبيق الاستراتيجية. أدوات الدراسة : ومن أجل جمع البيانات صمم الباحثان الاستبانة وهي مكونة من مجالين و تحتوي على (30) مؤشر ومن ثم قاما بالتحقق من صدق الاستبانة وثباتها. اهم توصيات الدراسة : في ضوء النتائج أوصت الدراسة بضرورة استخدام استراتيجيات التعلم النشط في الفصل لتسهيل التعلم للتلاميذ في انشطة المهارات الأربع الخاصة باللغة الانجليزية. The study aimed to investigate the difficulties facing Palestinian English Language Teachers in Implementing Active Learning Strategies in UNRWA Schools in Gaza Governorate from Teachers 'Perspective . The researchers adopted the descriptive approach, and designed a questioner which include two domains and 30 indicators . This questionnaire was distributed to (140) teachers who were selected from preparatory schools in the three educational areas in Gaza governorate The results revealed that there were significant statistically differences in using active learning strategies with students to listen to native speakers and they will be engaged in the four skills activities in English language teaching, and the strategies of active learning will help them to create collaborative and supportive environment ,at the same time students will be able to participate sufficiently in content throw active learning strategies, while some teachers think that implementing the strategies will not help them to complete the content, and the lack of the material and tools is the serious challenge facing teachers in implementing the strategies. Study Tools: As a main tool, the researchers used a questioner which designed and validated, the tool consists of two major domainsand 30 indicators. Study Recommendations : Based on the previous findings, the study recommended the use of active learning strategies in the classrooms to facilitate learning and engage students to the four skills of English language activities.
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    Exploring Safety Performance for Road Construction Projects in Gaza Strip Contracting Companies
    (University of palestine, 2022-11-01) Ismail ، Al Daoor
    Road construction projects are a complex work situation which faces multiple injury risks under conditions that may change without warning. That is why it becomes necessary to exploring safety performance for road construction projects, especially in Gaza Strip contracting companies. This paper aims to identify the factors that affect safety performance in road projects, and suggest practices to improve safety performance to reduce accidents and injuries rates in road construction projects in Gaza Strip. Data was gathered using a questionnaire that was distributed among contracting companies that working on road construction in Gaza Strip. A total number of completed and received questionnaires are 80; the rate of response is 80%. The result confirms that the majority of contracting companies don’t consider the safety as a priority in sites. The study also discovers that field of the road construction suffers from absence of safety culture and workers on road construction suffer from lack of training and expertise
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    ISTE تقويم كتاب التكنولوجيا للصف العاشر والحادي عشر والثاني عشر في ضوء المعايير العالمية للتكنولوجيا في مجال التعليم
    ( 2020-04-01) علاونة ، عامر
    This study aimed to assess theTechnology Textbooks for 10 th Grade,11th Grade and12th Grade in light of (ISTE) from Teachers’ Point of View at The Governmental Schools at Nablus City., the sample consists of (100) teachers .The results of the study show tha all the Evaluation Assessments are high .While there were no statistical significance differences amongTeachers assessments due to variables : Gender, Scientific qualification, Specialization,Experience in Education and the number of Training Courses.The study recommended that the Ministry Of Education in Palestine must continue using these text books at all the schools and continue developing the Technology text books by relating the development of the textbooks with International Standards of Technolo in Education(ISTE), and to organize and held workshop and training courses that help the teachers to know more about these standerds.
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    IUG English Majors’ Awareness of the Differences Between British English (RP) and Standard American English (SAE) in Pronunciation and Vocabulary
    (University of palestine, 2022-11-01) الجعبري،نهاد
    The study aimed at recognizing learners' awareness of the differences between British English (RP) and Standard American English (SAE) in pronunciation and vocabulary at Islamic University of Gaza (IUG). The descriptive analytical approach was used to achieve the objectives of the study. For this purpose, the researcher designed and distributed two tests, achievement test and transcription test, for a sample of English language 3rd level majors who studied the Phonetics course during the first semester of 2018-2019. The sample involved 70 male and female students. In order to answer the questions of this research, the researcher used the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study revealed some significant results: 8.3% of the respondents have an awareness of the differences in pronunciation and 56% of them don’t have an awareness of the differences in vocabulary. In the light of what has been mentioned, the study has proposed the following recommendationsAdditional attention must be paid to develop the level of awareness of the students to the differences between "Received Pronunciation” (RP) and "Standard American English" (SA) in general, and pronunciation, vocabulary in particular. Such attention is supposed to be since early stages of learning English. • English language learners, since early stages of learning English, should be exposed to the differences of RP and SA English as much as possible in order to improve their awareness of these differences in general. هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى قياس إدراك طلبة الجامعة الإسلامية للاختلافات في النطق والمفردات بين الإنجليزية البريطانية والإنجليزية الأمريكية, ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي, وأعد لهذا الغرض اختبار وزع على عينة من طلبة قسم اللغة الإنجليزية المستوى الثالث والذين أنجزوا مادة الصوتيات في الفصل الدراسي الأول 2018-2019, وقد بلغ حجم العينة (70) طالب وطالبة, وقد استخدام الباحث برنامج الرزم الإحصائية spss للإجابة على تساؤلات الدراسة
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    Nationalism and State Building: lessons from South Korea
    (University of palestine, 2017-09-30) Samar M.، Alabadla ; Moutaz، Abu Ismail
    This study aims to clarify the concept of nationalism among South Koreans and its effects on building their state after the Korea war in 1953 which comprehensively destroyed the country at that time. The aim beyond this study is to extract the benefit and the lessons for Palestine which suffers nearly the same from what Koreans had already suffered. Thus, the two researchers have applied a questionnaire on a sample male and female (334) of Korean graduates who study in the International Studies College, as an attempt to measure the level of nationalism and the love of the country which helped in building the developed country of Korea. The two researchers used the mixed method in order to reach the deep understanding of the study. They have found out that the degree of nationalism concept is high among Koreans
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    Palestinein English and western Literature?
    (University of palestine, 2021-11-01) الأسمر، جميل
    What does Diaspora mean? On whom this word is applied and why? The word diaspora strikes my mind while searching for another word in the dictionary, then I decided to know the meaning of this terrible word, and ask what diaspora is and who are the people of diaspora? When I came to know what does it mean, my hair stood to the end for the meaning and the causes which made any people in diaspora, and what made my hair again stood to the end is that the original people who were and may be are still in diaspora, are causing such diaspora for others, it is for the Palestinians nowadays who are scattered all over the world due to the continuous occupation of their land by the Jews for whom the word diaspora was initiated in the dictionary.The great discrepancy is that the original people of
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    Quality Framework for achieving sustainability and Improvement in Higher Education sector in Palestine
    (University of palestine, 2021-11-21) العاوور، عز العرب
    This paper explored the theoretical constructs and implementation of quality models to contextualize and integrate quality models to design and build a framework for continuous improvement in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Palestine, on the other hand to promote the Arabic identity for the national HEIs. Furthermore, this research points out that there is great need for institutional quality in Palestine higher education sector, the changing Palestinian higher education landscape and particularly the improvement and incorporation of HEIs requires a framework to ensure institutional quality in the higher education sector, focusing on areas like teaching and learning, governance, marketing, finances and other institutional operations which are not a focus of the Accreditation and Quality Assurance Commission (AQAC) audits. The results and findings of this study indicate that the combination of the Palestine excellence model (PEM) questionnaire and workshop self-assessment approaches; can be used to ensure continuous improvement in the higher
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    Students' Misconceptions and Mistakes in General Mathematics Course Among Al-Quds Open University Students
    ( 2019-10-01) Shalash , Basem
    The aim of this study was to identify the misconceptions and mistakes made by students of a general mathematics course by analyzing the students' responses to the test questions. The study test consisted of five open-ended problems and interviews with some students. The sample of study consisted of 50 students enrolled in a general mathematics course at Al-Quds Open University. To analyze data, the descriptive analysis method was used. The results showed that some students have some misconceptions and misunderstandings in solving inequalities and operations on problem solving with fractional linear inequalities. The least ratio of common errors was (24%), which occurred when carrying out elementary algebraic operations, but the most common mistakes ratio was (46%),that occurred when students were asked to solve fractional linear inequalities.
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    The American Experience In The System Of Preparing Kindergarten Teacher And How To Use It In The Gaza Governorates
    ( 2017-10-01) AIMadhoun, AbedElkareem ; Assaf, Mahmoud
    The study aimed at visualizing a philosophical proposal to prepare a kindergarten teacher in the Gaza Strip in light of the American experience , after identifying the roles and competencies teacher kindergarten and expected advocated by many studies and scientific conferences , international experience, and to achieve that follow researchers descriptive approach (comparative and structural) .The study showed:  The most important criteria for accepting parameters in the colleges of education is the desire to work with children, emotional, nervous and consistency.  Minimum work in kindergarten is to get a bachelor's degree in early childhood education.  Early Childhood more colleges of education departments in American universities cost, where material resources focused on the impact of the numerous technological trends  Preparing children to be teachers in the light of the National Council for the adoption of standards of teacher education programs (NCATE) through a variety of university programs . The study showed weaknesses in fact prepare teachers in the provinces of Gaza , and in the light of this was conceived in the areas of : ( admission requirements , teaching methods , plans and programs , evaluation) , the study recommended the need to work to adopt this perception , and to review the preparation and admission programs majoring in kindergarten , and admission is limited to the female students.
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    The Difficulties of Learning Listening Skill for Young Learners Through Teachers' Perspectives
    ( 2018-01-01) El- Nahhal, Mohammed
    This research aimed to identify the difficulties of learning listening skill for young learner through teachers' perspectives. The population of the research consisted of 68 teachers (male and female ) who teach grade one to six in Rafah Governmental schools. The sample of the research consisted of 40 teachers ( male and female) was chosen by the researcher randomly. The instrument of the research was a questionnaire prepared by the researcher. The researcher used means, standard deviation, Mann- Whitney -u Test and one-way ANOVA to find the results of the study.The results of the study showed that the most important difficulties that face learners in learning listening skill are getting general understanding of the spoken text from the first time, speaking Arabic inside and outside school. The lowest difficulties are making noise in the class during listening activity and the sound of the cassette unclear in the first domain. Also, the most important difficulties which face learners in learning listening skill are understanding well when speakers speak too fast and understanding the listening text when the speaker does not pause long enough. The lowest two items in this domain are sound of speaker which is unclear and understanding the meaning of the spoken text without seeing the speaker’s body language in the second domain. Moreover, the most important difficulties that face learners in learning listening skill are listening activities are difficult and the passage of listening activity is long. The lowest two difficulties are listening the questions which needs long answer and listening activity that has a lot of new vocabulary and phrases in the third domain. Furthermore, there are no statistically significant differences among the responses of sample study of the first domain due to gender, and there are no statistically significant differences among responses sample study of all questionnaire due to the years of experience.
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    The Impact of Integrating Reading and Writing Skills on Palestine Technical College Students' Paragraph Writing and Attitudes towards Writing Skill
    ( 2020-06-01) Mokhamar , Nisreen
    The study aimed at investigating the impact of integrating reading and writing skills on Palestine technical college students' paragraph writing and attitudes towards writing skill .The targeted skills were writing a coherent paragraph ,paragraph development ,unity, topic sentence ,coherence ,supporting sentences ,cohesion and concluding sentence . To achieve this aim, the researcher employed a representative sample of 80 EFL students studying at Palestine technical college. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group consisting of 40 students each group has 20 male students, and 20 female students, and the control group consists of 20 male, and 20 female students .The two groups were equivalent in their previous learning achievement in English writing in particular .Regarding the instruments, the researcher used two tools: pre/post Test to explore students' performance in writing a coherent paragraph, and paragraph skills ,and attitude scale to reveal students' attitudes towards writing .The test was used as a posttest to assess any possible differences between the target groups. The collected data were analyzed and treated statistically by using of SPSS .The findings of the study revealed that there were significant differences in participants' performance before and after integrating reading and writing skills in favor of post-performance. The findings also pointed toward the presence of significant differences between the attitudes of the experimental group in favor of after experiment .Moreover, the study's findings revealed that there were significant differences between the mean scores attained by experimental group and that by the control group in favor of the experimental group. There were significant differences between the mean scores of female students than male students in favor of female .Additionally, implementing the effect size equation and Eta square the study revealed that integrating reading and writing skills had a great effect size .The study recommended that teachers as well as lecturers are asked to integrate reading and writing activities in teaching writing skills in general and paragraph writing in particular, to develop and improve their paragraphs. Also, it suggested that further research should be conducted on the impacts of integrating reading and writing skills on different English skills and other college subjects.
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    The Oral Proficiency of English Majors at AL-Azhar University-Gaza
    ( 2017-10-03) Shaat, Mohamed
    This study aimed at investigating the reality of oral proficiency of English majors at AL-AzharUniversity-Gaza. The researcher conducted an oral proficiency test on a sample of (22) sophomore English majors who were chosen from the Faculty of Education at AL-Azhar University-Gaza during the first semester of the academic year 2014-2015. The participants of the study included 12 females and 10 males who were divided according to their cumulative general points average (CGPA) into 11 high achievers and 11 low achievers.The instrument required for the study was an oral proficiency test and two trained English language instructors recorded and analyzed the participants' oral production . The instructors' analyses of the participants' oral production consisted of grammar accuracy, syntactic complexity and fluency. Results revealed that the oral proficiency of high and low achievers of English majors at AL-Azhar University-Gaza is not up to the required level of English foreign language learners’ level. Key Words: Oral Proficiency, AL-Azhar University-Gaza
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    The problems of Translation of Collocations From English to Arabic and vice versa of English Students at QOU
    ( 2018-04-01) النخالة, أحمد
    الصعوبات والمشاكل التي تواجه طلاب اللغة الانجليزية في جامعة القدس المفتوحة أثناء عملية ترجمة المتصاحبات من اللغة الانجليزية إلي اللغة العربية وبالعكس تهدف الدراسة الي كشف الصعوبات والمشاكل التي تواجه طلاب اللغة الانجليزية في جامعة القدس المفتوحة أثناء عملية ترجمة المتصاحبات من اللغة الانجليزية إلي اللغة العربية وبالعكس. لقد حاول الباحث ايجاد الحلول المناسبة لتلك الصعوبات والمشاكل. قام الباحث باتباع المنهج الوصفي التجريبي في دراسته. لقد قام الباحث بتصميم اختبار لكشف الصعوبات و المشاكل التي تواجه الطلاب. يتألف الاختبار من خمسة أسئلة ,السؤال الأول عبارة عن اختار الاسم المناسب الذي يلي الفعل باللغة الإنجليزية, السؤال الثاني اختار المتصاحبة المناسبة باللغة العربية, السؤال الثالث اختار المتصاحبة المناسبة باللغة الإنجليزية, السؤال الرابع ترجمة المتصاحبات من اللغة العربية الي اللغة الإنجليزية , اما السؤال الخامس و الأخير ترجمة المتصاحبات من اللغة الإنجليزية الي اللغة العربية . قام الباحث بتطبيق هذه الدراسة علي طلاب جامعة القدس المفتوحة في فرع غزة في الفصل الدراسي الثاني للعام الدراسي 2013/2014 .قام الباحث باختيار عينة عشوائية من طلاب جامعة القدس المفتوحة. وقد استخدم الباحث برنامج SPSS لتحليل النتائج. وفي نهاية البحث اتخذ وتبني الباحث عدة توصيات ومقترحات لحل تلك الصعوبات والمشاكل. The problems and Difficulties of Translation of Collocations From English to Arabic and vice versa of English Students at QOU The study aims at exploring the difficulties that face the students of Al Quds Open University in collocations translation process from English to Arabic and vice versa. The researcher attempted to find suitable solutions for such difficulties and problems. The researcher followed an experimental descriptive method in the study. The researcher designed a test in order to explore the difficulties and problems that face such students. The test is composed of five questions ,the first one is Common collocations - nouns which naturally follow verbs (multiple choice) , the second one is "Choose the most suitable Arabic word combination to correct collocation" , the third one is " Choose most suitable English word combination to correct collocation" the fourth one is " Translate the following collocations from Arabic to English" ,the fifth one is "Translate the following collocations from English to Arabic". Such study was applied on English students of Al Quds Open University in Gaza Branch during the second course of the academic year 2013/2014. The researcher chose and selected a random sample of Al Quds Open University students in Gaza Branch. The researcher will follow a suitable statistical methods for such study. At the end of the study ,the researcher adopted a group of recommendations and suggestions.